Reactivity of Surface Species in Heterogeneous Catalysts Probed by In Situ X-ray Absorption Techniques
Abstract
Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Experimental Methods 2.1. Materials 2.1.1. Metal-Substituted MFI Frameworks 2.1.2. Cu-Substituted Zeolites 2.1.3. Cr/SiO2 Phillips catalyst 2.1.4. CuCl2/Al2O3 2.1.5. Metal-Supported Catalysts 2.2. Techniques and Experiential Set-ups 2.2.1. X-ray Beam Optimization: Energy Selection 2.2.2. X-ray Beam Optimization: Harmonic Rejection 2.2.3. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy: Acquisition Setups for Standard and Time-Resolved Experiments 2.2.4. X-ray Emission Spectroscopy: Acquisition Setup 2.2.5. High-Energy Resolution Fluorescence Detected (HERFD) XANES and EXAFS and Range-Extended EXAFS Spectroscopy 2.2.6. In Situ and Operando Cells for Hard and Soft XAFS 2.2.7. Experimental Set-Ups for Micrometer-Resolved Experiments 2.3. EXAFS and XANES Theory and Data Analysis 2.3.1. Brief Historical Overview 2.3.2. Single-Scattering Approximation 2.3.3. Multiple-Scattering Expansion 2.3.4. Codes for EXAFS Data Analysis 2.3.5. Codes for XANES Data Analysis 2.3.6. Codes for XES Spectra Simulation 2.3.7. Codes for Handling the Huge Numbers of Spectra Generated in Time or Space Resolved Experiments 2.3.8. Debye–Waller Factors and Disorder 2.3.9. Differential XAFS Approach 2.4. Atomic XAFS or AXAFS 2.4.1. Brief Historical Overview 2.4.2. Physical Principles of AXAFS 2.5. Other Related Techniques 2.5.1. X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) 2.5.2. Diffraction Anomalous Fine Structure (DAFS) 2.5.3. Extended Energy-Loss Fine Structure (EXELFS) 2.5.4. Total…
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