Evaluating Seismic Refraction for Shallow Saturated-Zone Delineation across Contrasting Lithological Settings
Abstract
Abstract Accurate characterization of shallow groundwater systems is essential for hydrogeological assessment, groundwater management, and geotechnical planning. Seismic refraction is a commonly used non-invasive method for subsurface characterization. However, its effectiveness is strongly dependent on lithological conditions and the associated P-wave velocity contrast. This study evaluates the capability of seismic refraction to delineate shallow saturated zones in three contrasting geological environments in Romania: an alluvial setting (Câmpul cu Maci), a loess-clay-dominated setting (Seismologilor), and a siliciclastic and evaporitic environment (Năruja). Seismic data were acquired using 24- and 48-channel systems and processed through first-arrival traveltime tomography. The results show that at Câmpul cu Maci and Năruja, a clear velocity increase from approximately 400–600 m/s to over 900–1300 m/s allows delineation of the top of the saturated zone at depths of approximately 4.5-6 m. In contrast, in clay-rich deposits, no significant velocity contrast is observed, and the top of the saturated zone remains undetectable. To complement the seismic refraction tomography results, MASW-derived shear-wave velocity profiles were analyzed along two profiles, providing additional constraints on near-surface stiffness and lithological variability. The comparison of the three sites shows that detectability of the shallow saturated zone using seismic refraction is primarily…
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