Hybrid Seismic-Resistant Foundations: Integrating High-Stiffness Granular Materials with Adaptive Base Isolation A Comparative Japan–Peru–United States Framework for Updating Seismic Codes
Abstract
Abstract Subduction earthquakes remain a persistent threat to infrastructure in Japan, the United States, and Peru, three countries exposed to the Pacific Ring of Fire. Japan has led the development of base isolators with adaptive behavior — whose stiffness and friction coefficient vary with displacement — while recent international research has documented the performance of high-stiffness granular layers, including gravel mixed with recycled tire rubber, as a low-cost geotechnical seismic isolation strategy. However, no methodological framework currently integrates both technologies and translates them into Peruvian construction practice and code requirements, while simultaneously benchmarking them against United States practice. This paper develops such a framework through a systematic comparative analysis of peer-reviewed technical literature and of current seismic codes (U.S. standards and Peruvian earthquake-resistant design provisions), complemented by the formulation of the modern geotechnical and structural equations governing the proposed system. A quantitative and qualitative comparison matrix of six technical parameters across the three regions was built, and the materials, tools, and construction procedures required to implement the system in Peru are detailed. The results indicate that combining a gravel-rubber granular layer (50–60% gravel fraction by volume) with adaptive spherical sliding isolators is a technically consistent alternative in light of the…
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