Hemispheric Differences in Ocean Stratification and Surface Energy Pathways Under Climate Change
Abstract
Abstract Global ocean stratification is intensifying under climate change, yet the hemispheric asymmetry of this transformation and its impact on the ocean's mechanical energy cycle remain insufficiently understood. Here we analyze multi-decadal temperature-salinity profiles alongside satellite observations to quantify changes in the first baroclinic mode phase speed, reduced gravity, and surface layer thickness, assessing their influence on wind energy input. Our results reveal a pronounced hemispheric asymmetry: the Tropical Ocean and Northern Hemisphere exhibit severe upper-layer compression, trapping mechanical energy near the surface and suppressing down-scale energy transfer. Conversely, the subpolar Southern Ocean maintains a stable baroclinic structure, acting as a mechanical sink where intensified wind-work fuels enhanced eddy kinetic energy. These findings reshape understanding of global ocean dynamics and energy pathways, with implications for climate system responses and projections.
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