Transcranial direct current stimulation for learning and memory in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review
Abstract
Background: Cognitive impairment affecting memory and learning processes is a common non-motor feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) and contributes substantially to functional decline and a reduced quality of life. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has emerged as a potentially beneficial non-invasive neuromodulation technique capable of modulating cortical plasticity and enhancing cognitive and motor performance. However, its specific effects on memory- and learning-related outcomes in PD remain unclear.
Objective: To systematically review and synthesize the available evidence regarding the effects of tDCS on memory and learning processes in individuals with Parkinson's disease.
Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, with the protocol registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024559548). PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched between September and December 2025. Randomized controlled trials in individuals with PD evaluating the effects of tDCS on memory-, learning-, or cognition-related outcomes were included. Study selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment (ROB-2) were performed systematically.
Results: Nineteen studies (2006-2024) with sample sizes of 9-42 participants were included. Most protocols used 1-2 mA stimulation targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and primary motor cortex (M1). Improvements were observed in working memory, verbal fluency, executive function, and processing speed,…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a systematic review, done in people. Its evidence level is 1 of 5 (Highest · pooled evidence). Pooled evidence from several studies sits at the top of the evidence pyramid. Reported size: 42 participants or records.
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