Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Cognitive Function Management in Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Hypertension: A Scoping Review
Abstract
Background: Hypertension is an increasing public health concern across adulthood, including among young adults, and remains highly prevalent in middle-aged and older populations. In this review, middle-aged adults were defined as individuals aged 45 years or older, and older adults as individuals aged 60 years or older. Hypertension is also a modifiable vascular risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia, and cognitive impairment is common among patients with hypertension. Persistent blood pressure elevation may impair cognition through vascular injury, cerebral hypoperfusion and small-vessel disease. Non-pharmacological strategies such as exercise, lifestyle modification, sleep management, psychological support, cognitive rehabilitation and nursing follow-up may support both blood pressure management and cognitive health, but the evidence is scattered across heterogeneous populations and interventions.
Methods: A scoping review-style evidence mapping was conducted with reference to the Arksey and O'Malley framework, subsequent methodological guidance, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). A systematic search of Chinese and English databases was conducted from the earliest available record in each database to June 2026. Studies were eligible if they involved middle-aged or older adults with hypertension or hypertension-related cognitive risk, evaluated a non-pharmacological intervention, and…
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