Dynamics of geologic CO2 storage and plume motion revealed by seismic coda waves
Abstract
Significance The sequestration of CO2 into geological formations as a strategy for reducing atmospheric greenhouse gases requires accurate monitoring of CO2 plume for safe long-term storage. However, imaging CO2 plume migration in the subsurface is a challenging problem for existing seismic monitoring methods. Here, we present an approach for CO2 monitoring based on seismic coda waves and apply it to the 3-d period of CO2 injection in a pilot experiment. We find that velocity reduction is nonlinearly correlated with the cumulative CO2 mass inside the reservoir, and that coda waves can effectively monitor the spatiotemporal evolution of CO2 plumes in the subsurface. Our findings suggest approaches for using seismic data in long-term monitoring of subsurface CO2 plume evolution. Quantifying the dynamics of sequestered CO2 plumes is critical for safe long-term storage, providing guidance on plume extent, and detecting stratigraphic seal failure. However, existing seismic monitoring methods based on wave reflection or transmission probe a limited rock volume and their sensitivity decreases as CO2 saturation increases, decreasing their utility in quantitative plume mass estimation. Here we show that seismic scattering coda waves, acquired during continuous borehole monitoring, are able to illuminate details of the CO2 plume during a 74-h CO2 injection experiment at the Frio-II well Dayton, TX. Our study reveals a continuous velocity reduction during the dynamic injection of CO2,…
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