Phenotype-Specific Profiles of Isthmin-1, Trimethylamine N-Oxide, and Nitric Oxide in Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (Formerly PCOS): An Exploratory Biomarker Study
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the phenotype-specific profiles of serum Isthmin-1 (ISM-1), Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) and Nitric Oxide (NO) levels in women diagnosed with Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS, formerly known as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-PCOS) according to the Rotterdam criteria. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 90 reproductive-aged women, divided equally into five groups (n = 18 per group) with similar baseline metabolic parameters: healthy controls and PMOS Phenotypes A, B, C, and D. To minimize confounding effects, individuals with recent use of specific medications were excluded, and 24 h dietary recalls were obtained. Fasting blood samples were collected during the early follicular phase. Serum ISM-1, TMAO, and NO levels were quantified via ELISA, and insulin resistance was determined using the HOMA-IR index. Data were adjusted for potential confounders, including age, BMI, and smoking status, using multivariate linear regression models. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in key parameters such as BMI and HOMA-IR. Serum ISM-1 levels did not show a significant difference between the groups (p = 0.501). In contrast, NO levels were found to be significantly lower in all PMOS phenotypes compared to the control group (p p = 0.027). Conclusions: Although PMOS patients share a similar profile of obesity and insulin resistance, they exhibit marked biochemical heterogeneity. Whilst…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a cross-sectional, done in people. Its evidence level is 4 of 5 (Low · observational). Observational designs can show an association but not prove cause. Reported size: 18 participants or records.
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