A Systematic Review on Hybrid AI Models Integrating Machine Learning and Federated Learning
Abstract
Cyber threats are growing in scale and complexity, outpacing the capabilities of traditional security systems. Machine learning (ML) models offer enhanced detection accuracy but often rely on centralized data, raising privacy concerns. Federated learning (FL), by contrast, enables decentralized model training but suffers from scalability and latency issues. Hybrid AI models, which integrate ML and FL techniques, have emerged as a promising solution to balance performance, privacy, and scalability in cybersecurity. This systematic review investigates the current landscape of hybrid AI models, evaluating their strengths and limitations across five key dimensions: accuracy, privacy preservation, scalability, explainability, and robustness. Findings indicate that hybrid models consistently outperform standalone approaches, yet challenges remain in real-time deployment and interpretability. Future research should focus on improving explainability, optimizing communication protocols, and integrating secure technologies such as blockchain to enhance real-world applicability.
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a systematic review, done in computer models (in silico), not in people. Its evidence level is 5 of 5 (Very low · case / narrative / animal / in vitro / in silico). Case reports, narrative reviews, and animal, cell or computer-model studies give the weakest evidence for human health.
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