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Security and Privacy in Federated Learning

Xiaofeng Lu, Caihong Yan, Pietro Liò, Pan Hui, Pan Wang

IntechOpen eBooks, 2026

Abstract

Federated learning enables collaborative training while keeping data local, but exchanging gradients and model updates introduces security and privacy risks. Poisoning, backdoor, adversarial, Byzantine, and Sybil attacks threaten model integrity, while membership inference, attribute inference, and gradient leakage may expose sensitive training data. Existing defenses include robust aggregation, anomaly detection, data sanitization, adversarial training, differential privacy, homomorphic encryption, secure multi-party computation, and trusted execution environments. Blockchain can further improve auditability and accountability. Overall, effective federated learning protection requires system-level defense designs that balance robustness, privacy, and efficiency.

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