Ratiometric fluorescent probe for cascade detection of amoxicillin and moxifloxacin via cloud-assisted smartphone colorimetry
Abstract
Antibiotics such as β-lactams and quinolones are widely used in medicine and animal husbandry; however, their abuse has left residues that pose a growing threat to the environment and public health. Conventional detection techniques rely on expensive equipment and complex procedures, making them ill-suited for rapid on-site testing. In this study, a ratiometric fluorescent probe (BSA-AuNCs-PCDs) with dual emissions at 443 and 630 nm was constructed using pyrogallol-derived carbon dots (PCDs) as the response unit and bovine serum albumin-encapsulated gold nanoclusters (BSA-AuNCs) as the internal reference, initially emitting red fluorescence. Amoxicillin (AMX) was first detected through the synergistic effect of the inner filter effect and surface passivation, shifting the fluorescence from red to blue-violet, with a linear range of 0.01–15 μM (R 2 = 0.9994) and a detection limit of 2.17 nM. Moxifloxacin (MFX) was then introduced into the same system for cascade detection mainly via the inner filter effect, shifting the fluorescence from blue-violet to green, with a linear range of 0.01–30 μM (R 2 = 0.99512) and a detection limit of 37.8 nM. Furthermore, a PC–Cloud–Mobile platform was developed, in which polynomial-regression models fitted on the PC side are synchronized through the cloud, enabling smartphone-based RGB colorimetric quantification of both antibiotics. The method was successfully applied to honey, soil, and urine samples, with recoveries of 72.0–126% (most…
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