Moxifloxacin-conjugated graphene oxide: Antimicrobial, anti-adhesive and cell-selective properties supporting its potential for future biomedical coatings
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) provides a versatile platform for the development of antimicrobial and anti-adhesive materials, particularly when combined with covalently immobilized bioactive compounds but translating antibiotic activity into a stable layer without clinically relevant drug leaching remains challenging. Here, we report a covalently engineered GO-moxifloxacin (GO-MOX) composite obtained by grafting MOX onto ethylenediamine-functionalized GO via carbodiimide coupling. The successful functionalization was supported by complementary physicochemical analyses, including FTIR, NMR, Raman, XPS, TGA, SEM/EDS and XRD. TGA indicated a high MOX loading of approximately 44.75 wt%, while HPLC analysis revealed that extractable/free MOX represented only 0.0586% of the total MOX content, supporting the predominantly covalent and minimally releasing character of the material. GO-MOX showed pronounced antimicrobial activity against representative ESKAPEE pathogens, with MIC values of 7.81 μg/mL against E. coli and 62.5 μg/mL against the tested Gram-positive strains. In the antimycobacterial assay, GO-MOX markedly inhibited the growth of both drug-susceptible and rifampicin/isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains under the tested conditions. Anti-adherence activity was observed at sub-inhibitory concentrations, with MBEC values of 1.95 μg/mL for E. coli and 7.81 μg/mL for S. aureus, suggesting interference with early bacterial attachment. Additional analyses on mature…
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