Optimal resistance training parameters for improving bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This meta-analysis aims to explore the effects of resistance training on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, specifically focusing on different training intensities, durations, frequencies, and periods, across various skeletal sites lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH), and trochanter (Troch).
METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for studies evaluating the impact of resistance training programs on BMD in postmenopausal women, covering all records up to March 2025. Two reviewers independently screened the studies, extracted data, assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Handbook, and performed the meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 18 software.
RESULTS: 17 randomized controlled trials involving 690 subjects were included. The results indicate that resistance training significantly improves BMD at the LS (SMD = 0.88, 95% CI [0.21, 1.56], P = 0.01, I2 = 91%), FN (SMD = 0.89, 95% CI [0.40, 1.39], P = 0.0004, I2 = 87%) and TH (SMD = 0.30, 95% CI [0.10, 0.50], P = 0.003, I2 = 25%). However, no significant effect was observed on Troch bone density (SMD = 0.23, 95% CI [-0.01, 0.47], P = 0.06, I2 = 19%). Subgroup analysis further revealed that high-intensity training (≥ 70% 1RM) had a significant effect on the TH and FN (P < 0.05); training three times per week significantly improved bone mineral density at the LS, FN, TH, and Troch (P < 0.05); intervention durations of ≥ 48…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a meta-analysis, done in people. Its evidence level is 1 of 5 (Highest · pooled evidence). Pooled evidence from several studies sits at the top of the evidence pyramid. Reported size: 690 participants or records.
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