Self-efficacy, self-esteem, and happiness in older adults: A cross-sectional study
Abstract
Background
Happiness is crucial for well-being in older people, but it can be challenged by various health issues. While previous research has explored individual predictors of happiness, there is limited understanding of how self-efficacy—the belief in one’s ability to manage challenges—and self-esteem, or positive self-regard, together influence happiness in elderly populations. Hence, this research aimed to fill this gap by investigating the association of self-efficacy and self-esteem with happiness in elders.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 400 individuals aged 60 years or older who visited health centers in Sarab, Iran, from April to June 2023. Data were collected using valid and reliable instruments, including the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, Sherer’s Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. To analyze the data, bivariate comparisons of quantitative variables were performed using independent samples t-tests and one-way ANOVA. Additionally, hierarchical regression analysis was conducted on happiness using two distinct sets of independent variables.
Results
According to the results, there was a statistically significant association between marital status (p-value = 0.021), income (p-value < 0.001), education (p-value < 0.001), and physical activity (p-value < 0.001) with happiness. Happiness showed strong positive correlations with self-efficacy (r = 0.747; p-value < 0.001) and self-esteem (r = 0.306; p-value < 0.001). Hierarchical…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a cross-sectional, done in people. Its evidence level is 4 of 5 (Low · observational). Observational designs can show an association but not prove cause. Reported size: 400 participants or records.
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