Spinal Cord Injury-Related Male Infertility: Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Sperm DNA Damage
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is strongly associated with male infertility, traditionally attributed to erectile and ejaculatory dysfunction. However, accumulating evidence demonstrates that infertility in this population extends beyond neurogenic impairment and involves profound biochemical and molecular alterations within the male reproductive system. The objective of this review is to synthesize current evidence on the role of oxidative stress, inflammation, and sperm DNA damage as central mechanisms driving impaired fertility in men with spinal cord injury. A comprehensive evaluation of clinical and experimental studies indicates that seminal plasma in affected individuals is characterized by elevated reactive oxygen species, reduced antioxidant capacity, and a pro-inflammatory cytokine profile, including increased levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, and interleukin 1 beta. These alterations are closely linked to leukocytospermia, mitochondrial dysfunction, and disruption of the blood-testis barrier, creating a toxic microenvironment that compromises sperm function. As a consequence, spermatozoa exhibit reduced motility, impaired membrane integrity, and significantly increased DNA fragmentation and chromatin abnormalities. Elevated sperm DNA damage has been consistently associated with poor fertilization outcomes, reduced embryo quality, and increased risk of pregnancy loss in assisted reproductive settings. Importantly, these molecular defects persist even when…
Read the paper
Related studies
- Safety and efficacy of COVID‐19 vaccines: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of controlled and randomized clinical trials
- Accuracy Comparison between Robot-Assisted Dental Implant Placement and Static/Dynamic Computer-Assisted Implant Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of In Vitro Studies
- Determinants of passive antibody efficacy in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Cleaning efficacy of EDDY versus ultrasonically-activated irrigation in root canals: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Bonding Efficacy of Universal Resin Adhesives to Zirconia Substrates: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- In vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts and essential oils of Cinnamomum, Salvia, and Mentha spp. against foodborne pathogens: A meta-analysis study
Go deeper in Evidence Hub
Evidence Hub adds a study data sheet (design, sample size, evidence level, key numbers), an AI summary and a chat grounded in the paper's text.