Large animal model of controlled peripheral artery calcification
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) in the lower extremity arteries leads to significant morbidity and mortality. Arterial calcification contributes to poor clinical outcomes and greatly increases the risk of amputation. Current treatments for calcific lesions are limited and yield suboptimal results. A large animal model that closely mimics calcific PAD and accommodates human-sized devices could enhance the development of safer and more effective therapies. Our objective was to create a swine model of late-stage arterial calcification to test the efficacy and side effects of surgical interventions. To induce lesions, swine received injections of CaCl2 directly into the media and periadventitial spaces of the iliac, femoral, and popliteal arteries using a micro-needle catheter. The injection sites were varied to create eccentric and concentric lesions of differing lengths and patterns. Adjacent non-calcified arterial segments served as intersubject controls. The lesions were allowed to mature, and Computed Tomography Angiography and Intravascular Ultrasound imaging demonstrated ring-like calcification patterns and no pulsatility as early as 4 weeks after induction. Mechanical testing of excised arteries mirrored the mechanical properties of calcified human vessels, including characteristic stiffening. Histological analysis further confirmed that the calcified arteries in this model closely resembled human calcified femoropopliteal vessels, displaying inflammation, accumulation…
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