Dual-Mechanism Benefits of Mixed Reality in Motor Imagery BCIs: Simultaneous Signal Enhancement and Fatigue Mitigation
Abstract
Abstract Motor imagery (MI) brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have shown promise forneurorehabilitation and assistive technologies, yet their practical deploymentremains limited by signal quality degradation and user fatigue during prolongedsessions. This study extends previous work by investigating the impact of mixedreality (XR) on EEG signal quality, classification performance, and cognitivefatigue patterns in extended MI-BCI sessions. Fourteen healthy participants per-formed left- and right-hand MI tasks under conventional 2D screen and immersiveXR conditions (Microsoft HoloLens 2) using a 16-channel OpenBCI system.Each participant completed 50 trials per class per condition (100 trials total percondition), enabling robust within-subject analysis of signal degradation overtime. Results demonstrate that XR significantly improves neurophysiological reliabil-ity: alpha-band event-related desynchronization (ERD) increased from −75.2%to −85.6% (p
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