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Breaking Penalty Plateaus with Quantum-Inspired Improved Particle Swarm Optimization

Pandey P, Prajapati R

2026

Abstract

Abstract This paper studies a quantum-inspired exploratory variant of improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) for constrained nonlinear programs handled through a quadratic penalty formulation. The study is motivated by the broader view that PSO-type algorithms may benefit from quantum-inspired movement when classical velocity-based search loses exploratory strength on penalized landscapes with multiple local attraction regions. Instead of treating any particular improved PSO scheme as exceptional, the present work uses a representative IPSO baseline from the wider PSO class and replaces its velocity-driven movement with bounded-potential quantum displacement laws. The resulting quantum-inspired PSO (QI-PSO) variants use Lorentz (LR), Rosen--Morse (RM), and Coulomb-like square-root (CS) potential fields to generate probability-controlled exploratory motion around the local attractor while retaining attraction toward personal and global best positions. Numerical experiments are performed on ten two-dimensional constrained benchmark functions using four penalty constants, c ϵ {10,100,1000,10000}, with 30 independent replications for each algorithm--function--penalty setting. Across eleven improving function--penalty cases, all concentrated on the selected multimodal benchmarks, the best quantum variant reduces the mean absolute error of the IPSO baseline by approximately 42.24% to 99.96%. Feasible-trial rates are reported with these rows because some Rastrigin and Griewank…

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