Multiple target and regulatory pathways of berberine
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Berberine (BBR), a widely used monomer in traditional Chinese medicine, well-known for its extensive pharmacological activities against tumors, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular disease. These effects are mediated through the regulation of multiple molecular targets and signaling pathways, including the MAPK, TLR4/NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, and AMPK/mTOR. In addition, BBR demonstrate potent antimicrobial activity by reducing pathogen invasiveness, disrupting biofilms integrity, preventing the formation of macromolecules, and interfering with metabolic processes. More, BBR can modulate the gut microbiome and exhibit an effective treatment for metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus.
PURPOSE
The goal of this review is to present a current summary of the molecular processes that underlie BBR's action, discussing BBR interactions with novel factors, examining current knowledge on BBR side effect and nano-carrier applications, offering new perspective on expanding its therapeutic use. Further is required to identify novel targets of berberine and to investigate its potential for new therapeutic applications.
METHODS
The review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Data were organized into tabular and narrative formats. Structural formulae of compounds were created using ChemDraw Professional 22.0 software, while botanical information was sourced from the Flora of China (www.iplant.cn). The keyword…
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