Advances in Pharmacotherapeutic Strategies for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Nanotechnology-Based Approaches and Future Therapeutic Frontiers
Abstract
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), including IBS, FD, and
GERD, represent complex clinical entities characterized by the convergence of gut-brain axis
dysfunction, aberrant visceral pain processing, immune activation, and microbial dysbiosis, leading
to persistent gastrointestinal symptoms despite the absence of identifiable structural changes.
Traditional pharmacological strategies, including antacids, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), antispasmodics,
prokinetics, and neuromodulators, often provide only partial relief and may cause
adverse effects.
This review aimed to compile current pharmacological strategies and recent innovations,
focusing on nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, biologics, gene therapies, and
microbiome-targeted interventions. Key preclinical and clinical findings were analyzed to assess
therapeutic efficacy and the innovation of delivery strategies.
Recent advances have introduced biologics and nanotechnology-based drug delivery
systems as promising therapies for FGIDs. Nanoparticles, such as lipid, polymeric, and inorganic
types, offer improved drug stability, bioavailability, and site-specific delivery. Novel formulations,
including ROS-responsive and mucus-penetrating particles, enable controlled, inflammation-
targeted release with reduced toxicity. Functional agents, such as curcumin, berberine, and
TNF-α siRNA, exhibit enhanced efficacy in preclinical IBD models when delivered via nanoparticles.
Additionally, microbiome-based…
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