Microbial profile and antimicrobial resistance patterns in ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP): A cross-sectional study from Syria
Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to determine the bacterial profile and their antibiotic spectrum in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and investigate the risk factors for VAP and the presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was included 105 patients with clinically suspected VAP in intensive care units (ICUs) of two university hospitals from Syria, between January 2023 and February 2024. Culture-positive included 69 samples (65.7%), which were classified based on post-intubation as early-onset (<5 days) or late-onset (≥5 days). Results: Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were observed in 82.6% and 17.4%; respectively. Early and late-onset VAP was reported in 30 (43.5%) and 39 (56.5%) patients; respectively. The primary cause of early-onset VAP was Acinetobacter and Enterobacter, whereas Klebsiella and Acinetobacter were the main causes of late-onset VAP. Gram-negative showed a high resistance to fluoroquinolones (91.2%), carbapenems (78.9% for imipenem and 86% for meropenem), and amikacin (83.2%), while all were sensitive to colistin. Gram-positive was sensitive to tetracycline, vancomycin, linezolid, tigecycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. MDR was observed in 55 patients (79.7%) and in early (76.9%) and late-onset (83.3%) VAP. There were no risk factors favoring MDR or early compared to late-onset VAP. Conclusions: The study revealed a high prevalence of Gram-negative among VAP patients. A…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a cross-sectional. Its evidence level is 4 of 5 (Low · observational). Observational designs can show an association but not prove cause. Reported size: 105 participants or records.
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