Prevalence, Genetic Diversity, and Zoonotic Transmission Potential of Cryptosporidium spp. in Snakes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Background: Cryptosporidium spp. are important protozoan parasites infecting a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including reptiles. In snakes, this parasite is primarily associated with chronic gastrointestinal disease and substantial genetic diversity, including potentially zoonotic species. However, epidemiological data remain fragmented and heterogeneous. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the prevalence, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp. in snakes.
Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science from database inception to 5 May 2026. Additional studies were identified through Google Scholar and reference screening. Eligible studies reporting Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence in snakes were included. Pooled prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses, sensitivity analysis, meta-regression and publication bias assessment were also performed.
Results: A total of 35 studies comprising 36 datasets were included. The pooled prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in snakes was 12.6% (95% CI: 9.2%-17.0%), with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 92.1%). Captive-associated snakes showed higher pooled prevalence (12.7%) than wild/free-ranging snakes (8.7%). Molecular methods yielded higher prevalence estimates than microscopic techniques. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated stable pooled estimates (11.7%-13.6%).…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a meta-analysis, done in animal, not in people. Its evidence level is 5 of 5 (Very low · case / narrative / animal / in vitro / in silico). Case reports, narrative reviews, and animal, cell or computer-model studies give the weakest evidence for human health.
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