Radiological risk factors in patellar instability: a comparative analysis of single-episode, recurrent, and habitual patella dislocation
Abstract
Background: Patellar instability is a multifactorial condition with varying severity, categorized into single-episode, recurrent, and habitual dislocations. This study aims to assess the association and the strength of association between clinical subtypes of patellofemoral instability (PFI) (single-episode, recurrent, and habitual patellar dislocation) and the frequency, severity, and cumulative presence of three key radiological risk factors: trochlear dysplasia, tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance, and the Caton-Deschamps (CD) ratio.
Methods: This was a retrospective observational study conducted from January 2018 to December 2024 on 106 patients reported in the outpatient department (OPD) with various type of patellar instability (124 knees; 39 knee SPD, 73 knee RPD, and 12 knee HPD). Three radiological parameters (trochlear dysplasia, tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance with > 15 mm defined as high), and Caton-Deschamps (CD) ratio (> 1.2 indicating patella alta) were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Chi-squared test and Cramér's V statistical methods were applied for analyzing the strength of association.
Results: The study identified prevalence of trochlear dysplasia in 63.7%, high TT-TG distance in 32.2%, and patella alta in 45.2% of knees with varying types of patellar instability. Trochlear dysplasia showed the strongest association, particularly with habitual dislocations (100%). Prevalence of high TT-TG progressively…
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