Nonalcoholic Beverage Consumption and the Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Background: Depression, anxiety, and stress represent a major global public health burden. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the association between nonalcoholic beverage consumption and these mental health outcomes.
Methods: We systematically searched four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and EMBASE) through November 19, 2024. Random-effects models were used to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), with subgroup analyses and meta-regression to explore heterogeneity sources.
Results: The analysis included 59 studies comprising 132 independent reports with 2,050,716 participants. Higher nonalcoholic beverage consumption was significantly associated with depression (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.11-1.26) and anxiety (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.12-1.55). For stress, the main pooled analysis was not statistically significant (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.98-1.35), whereas sensitivity analysis excluding Sangsefidi et al. was significant (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.06-1.38). Beverage-specific analyses revealed that coffee was inversely associated with depression (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.76-0.99), while sugar-sweetened beverages, bubble tea, carbonated beverages, and energy drinks were positively associated with depression, and bubble tea and carbonated beverages were positively associated with anxiety.
Conclusions: Nonalcoholic beverage consumption was associated with depression and anxiety, whereas evidence for stress was less stable. Coffee showed…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a meta-analysis, done in people. Its evidence level is 1 of 5 (Highest · pooled evidence). Pooled evidence from several studies sits at the top of the evidence pyramid. Reported size: 2,050,716 participants or records.
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