Biomarkers for mood disorders: A scoping review of research from India
Abstract
Background: Mood disorders pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. While biomarkers can improve diagnostic accuracy and personalize treatment, their geographic validation remains limited.
Objectives: This scoping review synthesizes evidence from biomarker studies on depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) in India to map methodological trends and identify research gaps.
Methodology: Studies conducted in India evaluating biomarkers in individuals with MDD or BD diagnosed via ICD-10 or DSM-IV/DSM-5 criteria were eligible. A systematic literature search was executed across PubMed and Scopus for studies published between January 2000 and December 2024. Screening was done in Covidence. Data charting was done independently by three reviewers. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and AXIS tools were used for quality assessment.
Results: Fifty-six studies were included. In MDD, elevated levels of interleukin-6 and cortisol were consistently reported. Inflammatory markers decreased, while brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels increased following treatment. C-reactive protein, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, malondialdehyde, and cortisol levels were associated with depression severity. Neuroimaging and electroencephalography studies demonstrated fronto-limbic circuit involvement in both MDD and BD. In BD, cognitive studies consistently reported impairments in executive function, learning, and memory. Additional novel findings included abnormalities in retinal…
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