In silico Analysis of Virulence, Resistance Genes and Phylogeny of Helicobacter pylori Strains from Different Continents
Abstract
Objective: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterium that infects the gastric mucosa of 50% of the world population. It is known that different regional treatment practices used against the infections of H. pylori affect both the expression of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, giving the bacteria geographic differentiation. The aim of this study was to perform in silico analysis of virulence, resistance genes and phylogeny of H. pylori strains obtained from people living in different continents. Material and Method: Complete gene sequences of 18 H. pylori strains from six continents were downloaded from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The phylogeny of the strains, resistance and virulence genes were analyzed by CSI phylogeny, CARD and VFanalyzer, respectively. Results: African strains were the most distant identity to European strains. A2147G single nucleotide polymorphism associated with clarithromycin resistance was detected in South American and Asian origin. It was determined that strains were differentiated by a total of 95 related virulence genes under eight headings. The cagA, cagE, cagL and vacA genes were found in all strains in Asia. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study demonstrated that H. pylori strains, whose data were collected in different continents, differ from each other in terms of similarities and there is a serious difference especially in terms of virulence genes.
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