Back Stimulation with Gaussian Frequency Biphasic Burst Stimulation for Swallowing Motor Activation
Abstract
Aspiration of food containing bacteria or saliva into the trachea, leading to bacterial lung infection, is termed aspiration pneumonia. In the United States, aspiration pneumonia results in over 57,000 deaths annually, constituting 2.3% of the total mortality. Similarly, according to data from 2021 in Japan, more than 49,000 individuals succumbed to aspiration pneumonia, accounting for approximately 3.4% of the total mortality, making it the sixth leading cause of death in Japan. Notably, the risk of mortality due to aspiration pneumonia can be mitigated through early detection and prevention of swallowing disorders. Consequently, this research focuses on rehabilitation strategies for swallowing disorders. Swallowing is a coordinated motor function, orchestrated by a program involving multiple muscles under the directives of the Swallow Central Pattern Generator (CPG) located in the medulla. Thus, activation of the Swallowing CPG is pivotal for effective swallowing rehabilitation. To this end, we propose a novel method to activate the Swallow CPG by electrical stimulating of the back. The back has been recognized as a site that activates the expiratory phase of respiration, where the swallow reflex is often triggered. Moreover, given the adjacency of the Swallowing CPG and the Respiratory CPG, we postulate that stimulating the back to activate the expiratory phase can lead to enhanced activation of swallowing movements. Methods: Surface electrodes were placed on the back…
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