Narrative Review of β-Lactam Resistance in Key Bacterial Pathogens: Efficacy and Innovations in Combination Therapies
Abstract
Efficacy and Innovations in Combination TherapiesBackground: β-Lactam antibiotics (BLIs) are essential for treating bacterial infections, but resistance is increasing due to β-lactamases, altered penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), and reduced permeability in pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Acinetobacter baumannii, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE).BLIs aim to restore the effectiveness of these antibiotics, but non-enzymatic resistance remains a challenge. Materials and Methods:This narrative review searched databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for articles published between 2020 and 2025.Key search terms included "beta-lactam resistance" and "clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-mediated antimicrobial resistance."Out of approximately 1,200 articles, 88 peer-reviewed studies were selected, focusing on resistance mechanisms, prevalence, and innovative therapies for selected pathogens.Results: E. coli and K. pneumoniae exhibit high prevalence rates of extended-spectrum β-lactamases, (ESBL) with cefotaximasemunich (CTX-M) found in 72.5% of cases and carbapenemase bla KPC-2 in 66% of K. pneumoniae.Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) relies on the mecA gene (30% prevalence in burn infections), while A. baumannii shows a prevalence of bla OXA-23 at 68.9%, and N. gonorrhoeae…
Read the paper
Related studies
- Severe clinical outcomes of COVID-19 associated with proton pump inhibitors: a nationwide cohort study with propensity score matching
- Levofloxacin-Induced Tendon Rupture: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
- Association between cord blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and respiratory tract infections in the first 6 months of age in a Korean population: a birth cohort study (COCOA)
- Neuroprotective Effects of Epicatechin against Oxidative Stress-Induced Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- Quality evaluation and in vitro interaction studies between levofloxacin 250mg and diclofenac sodium 50mg tablets
- Molecular Epidemiology of mcr-1 -Positive Polymyxin B-Resistant Escherichia coli Producing Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) in a Tertiary Hospital in Shandong, China
Go deeper in Evidence Hub
Evidence Hub adds a study data sheet (design, sample size, evidence level, key numbers), an AI summary and a chat grounded in the paper's text.