Fluorescence properties of methylene blue conjugated to normal/cancerous human tissues for spectral discrimination of breast cancer stages (I-IV)
Abstract
Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy is utilized to differentiate normal/malignant breast cells/tissues and classify cancer stages, using the biocompatible methylene blue (MB) fluorophore. Cancerous cells (MCF-7) conjugated with MB exhibit a red shift of 3.96 ± 0.41 nm, corresponding to ∼2.5 times higher signal intensity versus normal cells (MCF-10A). Regarding stages, tissue-level fluorescence intensity is elevated ∼2.5 times in stage I and ∼8 times in stage IV relative to healthy ones, with red-shifts ranging from 3.73 ± 0.75 nm in stage I to 18.56 ± 2.15 nm in stage IV. Thus, the LIF-MB technique offers a rapid, non-invasive method for both the early detection and grading of malignant tumors. The novelty of this work arises from the synergic contribution of the LIF and gravimetric validation for breast cancer staging.
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