Quantum Photonic and Rare-Earth Qubit Behavior of Eu³⁺-Activated Borate and Phosphate Glasses for Solid-State Quantum Computing Applications
Abstract
Abstract Eu³⁺-doped borate and phosphate glasses were synthesized by the conventional melt-quenching technique and investigated as potential materials for quantum photonic and solid-state quantum computing applications. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the highly amorphous and isotropic nature of the prepared glasses, providing favorable conditions for coherent photon propagation with minimal scattering losses. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed homogeneous morphology and uniform distribution of Eu³⁺ ions, which are essential for stable light–matter interactions and optical qubit confinement. Physical and optical characterization demonstrated distinct advantages for both glass systems. Borate glasses exhibited higher density, refractive index, field strength, and optical confinement, indicating enhanced photon localization and stronger light–matter interactions suitable for integrated quantum photonic circuits. In contrast, phosphate glasses showed superior rare-earth ion solubility, improved ion dispersion, reduced concentration quenching, and greater spectral stability, making them promising candidates for optical quantum memory and photon-buffering applications. Optical absorption and photoluminescence studies revealed intense Eu³⁺ radiative transitions, particularly the hypersensitive ⁵D₀ → ⁷F₂ transition near 612 nm, confirming strong electric-dipole interactions and efficient quantum optical emission behavior.…
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