Cybersecurity in the Era of Quantum Computing and Advanced AI: Emerging Threats and Future Directions
Abstract
Quantum computing and advanced artificial intelligence are beginning to disturb several assumptions on whichcurrent cybersecurity practice depends. This paper reviews two related areas of risk: the possibility that cryptographicallyrelevant quantum computers could weaken widely deployed public-key encryption, and the ways in which generative AIand large language models are already changing cyber operations. The analysis finds that quantum risk should not betreated as a distant event only, since sensitive encrypted data can be collected now and decrypted later if suitablequantum capability becomes available. It also finds that advanced AI is already affecting the scale, speed, and credibility ofsocial engineering, reconnaissance, vulnerability analysis, and misinformation. The paper discusses the current state ofthese threats, outlines plausible future scenarios, and identifies practical defensive priorities, including post-quantumcryptography migration, AI system hardening, red teaming, content authentication, workforce training, and governance.The central argument is that quantum and AI security should be handled as near-term resilience issues, even where theirmost severe effects may appear later.
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