Biodegradable Iodinated Polymeric Nanoparticle as a Computed Tomography Contrast Agent for Direct Imaging of Cerebral Thrombus
Abstract
Polymer-based organic nanoparticles enabling direct imaging of cerebral thrombus were developed, distinguishing them from conventional methods that depend on vascular imaging to identify thrombus localization. The HEATI (bis(2-hydroxyethyl) 5-amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalate) monomer, synthesized from ATIPA (5-amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid), was engineered to contain 58.9 wt % iodine for enhanced X-ray attenuation, confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The polymerization of HEATI with oxalyl chloride resulted in a ROS-degradable iodinated polymer (IP-HEATI), as evidenced by the disappearance of the hydroxyl hydrogen peak in the NMR spectrum and a GPC-measured average molecular weight of 2800 g mol–1. Fib-GC@IP-HEATI nanoparticles were formed through nanoprecipitation, yielding a hydrodynamic diameter of 197.2 ± 64.0 nm and a zeta potential of +24.8 mV. The conjugation of fibrin-targeting peptides increased the size to 255.9 ± 64.2 nm. In vitro assays revealed that Fib-GC@IP-HEATI had superior fibrin-binding affinity compared to GC@IP-HEATI, demonstrated by lower IP-HEATI concentrations in the supernatant. Furthermore, GPC analysis showed that IP-HEATI degraded rapidly in the presence of H2O2, with complete degradation within 24 h. In vivo imaging confirmed effective thrombus visualization volume with both GC@IP-HEATI and Fib-GC@IP-HEATI at 30 min after intravenous injection. The imaging-derived thrombus visualization volume decreased substantially within 48 h, consistent…
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