Visual and Oculomotor Function in Developmental Dyslexia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Topic: To determine whether individuals with developmental dyslexia present differences in visual and oculomotor functions compared with age-matched controls.
Clinical relevance: Developmental dyslexia affects a substantial proportion of school-aged children, with prevalence estimates ranging between 3% and 6%, depending on diagnostic criteria. It is characterised by persistent reading difficulties despite normal intelligence and education. Although phonological deficits are well established, the contribution of visual and oculomotor anomalies remains debated. Identifying consistent visual differences may support more comprehensive assessments and targeted interventions alongside educational strategies.
Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis, registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251119429), included observational case-control studies comparing visual and oculomotor functions in individuals with developmental dyslexia and age-matched controls. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Outcomes included binocular vision, oculomotor performance, accommodation, visual acuity, refractive error and contrast sensitivity. Methodological quality was assessed using the MINORS tool and certainty of evidence using GRADE.
Results: Twenty-six studies with 8 to 124 participants per group were included. Dyslexic individuals showed significantly greater near exophoria (mean difference 0.84 prism diopters, 95% CI: 0.22 to 1.46) and reduced near fusional vergence…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a meta-analysis, done in people. Its evidence level is 1 of 5 (Highest · pooled evidence). Pooled evidence from several studies sits at the top of the evidence pyramid. Reported size: 8 participants or records.
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