Acute effects of three warm-up protocols on drop jump biomechanics in elite Taekwondo athletes: An IMU-based analysis
Abstract
This randomized, parallel-group pre-post study examined the acute effects of three warm-up modalities on stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) biomechanics in elite female Taekwondo athletes. Thirty-six participants were randomly assigned to dynamic stretching, foam rolling, or resistance-band (TheraBand) protocols following a standardized submaximal treadmill warm-up. Three-dimensional kinetic and temporal variables were collected during drop jump tasks before and after each intervention using inertial measurement units.Between-group post-intervention differences were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) or rank-based Quade's ANCOVA, controlling for baseline disparities. Within-group changes were assessed using paired parametric or non-parametric tests as appropriate. Effect sizes (η²) are reported alongside p-values to indicate the magnitude of observed effects.Significant group effects were observed for concentric phase duration (η² = 0.177), peak concentric force (η² = 0.186), and mean concentric power (η² = 0.211). Post-hoc analyses revealed that dynamic stretching enhanced concentric force and power, while foam rolling primarily altered temporal characteristics of force development. TheraBand preserved performance close to baseline. In contrast, gross performance outcomes such as jump height, flight time, and contact time showed trivial effect sizes (η² ≤ 0.104) and no significant between-group differences. These findings indicate that warm-up modalities selectively…
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Evidence Hub reads this as a randomized trial, done in people. Its evidence level is 2 of 5 (High · randomized trial). Randomized trials of a reasonable size are the strongest single-study design.
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