A green electrochemical sensor based on Fe/N-graphene hybrid nanostructure for trace-level determination of apremilast in biological and pharmaceutical samples
Abstract
A Fe-containing N-doped graphene nanosheet-modified glassy carbon electrode (Fe/N-Gr/GCE) was developed for the sensitive electrochemical determination of apremilast (APRE), a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor used in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis. The electrochemical response of APRE was investigated using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), showing a well-defined oxidation peak in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 2.0). The enhanced performance of the sensor is attributed to the high surface area and favorable electron-transfer properties of the Fe/N-Gr nanomaterial. Under optimized conditions, a linear range of 0.1-22.0 μM (R2 = 0.998) was obtained, with a detection limit of 0.008 μM and a quantification limit of 0.029 μM. The sensor exhibited good repeatability (RSD = 2.4%) and reproducibility (RSD = 2.1%), confirming its precision and fabrication reliability. Its applicability was demonstrated in synthetic human serum, urine, and pharmaceutical tablets, with recoveries of 97.41-102.71% and RSDs of 1.25-2.36%. Overall, the proposed method offers a simple, sensitive, and environmentally friendly approach for APRE determination in pharmaceutical and biological samples.
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