A novel MXene-integrated MIP-based electrochemical sensor for highly selective and sensitive lenalidomide recognition
Abstract
A novel method for constructing a highly selective and sensitive MXene-supported electrochemical sensor based on MIP to detect Lenalidomide (LEN) is proposed in this study. The polymeric-coated layer was designed using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linking agent, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as the primary monomer, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone as the photoinitiator, and 3-aminophenylboronic acid (3-APBA) as a functional monomer. 3-APBA introduces functional groups into the imprinting sites, facilitating specific interactions with the LEN molecule and enhancing the molecularly imprinted polymer's attachment efficiency and specificity. Electrochemical techniques, including Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), Cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), were employed to investigate the behaviour of the designed MIP sensor at different stages: unmodified electrode, following photo-polymerization, after removal, and rebinding processes. Moreover, the morphological characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess the surface characteristics of the fabricated sensor. The photopolymerization (PP) technique was used to develop the 3-APBA-LEN@β-CD-Ti3C2Tx/MIP-GCE sensor; the polymer solution was polymerized on the electrode surface under UV light (365 nm). Under optimal conditions, the fabricated sensor could determine LEN in standard solutions with a linear range of 1.75 × 10-12 - 2.5 × 10-11…
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