ZnO@Fe3O4 nanoparticles decorated porous reduced graphene oxide-based electrochemical sensor for the detection of palbociclib anticancer drug in human plasma
Abstract
In this work, a porous reduced graphene oxide (prGO) material was synthesized via an environmentally benign green synthesis strategy using Thymus kotschyanus plant extract as a reducing agent. A magnetic hybrid platform based on Fe3O4 and ZnO nanoparticles-prGO (ZnO@Fe3O4-prGO) was prepared and its physicochemical and morphological properties were systematically characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and voltammetry analyses. The ZnO@Fe3O4-prGO was modified on a carbon paste electrode (ZnO@Fe3O4-prGO/CPE) for the electroanalytical determination of palbociclib. Square wave voltammetry revealed a linear dynamic range between 0.05 and 4 µM and a detection limit of 37 nM. The synergistic incorporation of ZnO and Fe3O4 nanoparticles onto prGO sheets enhanced π-electron delocalization, increased electroactive site density, and improved electron transfer kinetics. The ZnO@Fe3O4-prGO/CPE sensor showed excellent selectivity and reproducibility, with recoveries of 92.5 to 105.0 % (RSD 1.9 to 4.2 %) in spiked human plasmas. These findings demonstrate that the eco-friendly ZnO@Fe3O4-prGO nanohybrid is a sustainable, robust, and highly sensitive platform for pharmaceutical detection and on-site electrochemical actuation applications.
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