Electrochemical Sensor Based on N–Doped Carbon Nanodots Derived from the Agro-Waste Cotton Boll Peel Extracts for Nano Molar Determination of an Anti-Cancer Drug, Pemetrexed
Abstract
A green, facile one-step synthetic route was proposed for synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots (N-CDs) from agro-waste cotton boll peel extract as a natural carbon source and glycine as a nitrogen source. The prepared N-CDs were utilized to fabricate an electrochemical sensor for nanomolar determination of an anti-cancer drug, pemetrexed (PMT). The electrode material was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared, transmission electron microscopy, Raman, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, UV-vis, cyclic voltammetric and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic studies. The N-CDs drop-casted on the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) served as a good sensing material and exhibited electrocatalytic activity as evident from ~20-fold enhancement in the oxidation peak current of PMT at N-CDs/GCE with 130 mV lesser positive oxidation peak potential than that at bare GCE. The sensing performance of the electrode was optimized by varying the peak current dependant parameters and by investigating the influence of interfering substances in the determination of PMT. Under optimized conditions, differential pulse voltammetric, square wave voltammetric, and adsorptive differential pulse voltammetric methods were developed for sensitive determination of PMT at nanomolar level. Further, these methods were applied successfully for the determination of PMT in analyte-fortified human urine samples and pharmaceutical formulations.
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