Occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium: a systematic review of environmental monitoring methods and analytical advances
Abstract
Background: Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a well-established occupational carcinogen, widely utilized in industrial processes such as electroplating, surface treatment, and ferrochromium production. It is also generated as a by-product of welding activities. Accurate monitoring of occupational exposure to Cr(VI) is essential for protecting workers' health. This review aims to critically assess the main challenges associated with existing environmental monitoring techniques for Cr(VI) in welding operations and to propose practical strategies to address these limitations.
Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted by consulting 3 scientific databases (Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed). Studies assessing occupational exposure to Cr(VI) published since 2014, were included and analyzed in terms of methods, dosimetric parameters measures, and possible alternative approaches for Cr(VI) characterization.
Results: The reviewed studies employed diverse environmental monitoring strategies for occupational Cr(VI) exposure assessment, with substantial heterogeneity in sampling conventions, analytical workflows, and speciation capability. Some studies additionally reported biological measurements and/or used exposure modeling as supportive approaches; however, these were not systematically reviewed as primary endpoints. Findings confirm that occupational exposure to Cr(VI) remains a concern in multiple industries, with exposure levels varying according to tasks, process…
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