Electrochemical detection of organophosphorus pesticides using screen-printed electrodes: a systematic literature review
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides are widely used in agriculture, creating a need for rapid and reliable monitoring of residues in food and environmental samples. Conventional chromatographic methods provide high sensitivity and accuracy but generally require laboratory-based instrumentation, sample preparation and skilled personnel, limiting their suitability for routine on-site screening. Screen-printed electrode (SPE)-based electrochemical sensors offer a portable and low-cost alternative; however, their practical application remains constrained by limited selectivity, enzyme instability, electrode-to-electrode variability and insufficient validation in complex samples. This systematic review evaluates 103 studies published between 2015 and 2026 to examine how electrode materials, surface modification, biorecognition strategies and electrochemical techniques have been used to address these challenges. Carbon-based SPEs remain the predominant platform, while recent developments increasingly employ hybrid architectures combining conductive carbon materials with metal or metal-oxide nanomaterials and polymeric or biopolymeric matrices. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) remains the most widely used biorecognition element because of its established inhibition mechanism, whereas aptamers, molecularly imprinted materials and non-enzymatic interfaces are increasingly investigated to improve stability and selectivity. These approaches have enabled substantial improvements in detection limits,…
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