Advances in Biosensor Technologies for Modern Healthcare: A Systematic Review of Clinical Applications, Wearable Systems, and Future Perspectives
Abstract
Introduction: Biosensors enable rapid, sensitive detection of biological analytes and continuous physiological monitoring, while nanotechnology, flexible electronics, artificial intelligence, and connected medical-device platforms are accelerating decentralized and personalized healthcare.
Methodology: A systematic review was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar for literature published from January 2015 to March 2026. The search identified 1,436 database records and 46 additional records; after duplicate removal and screening, 118 studies met the eligibility criteria and were synthesized narratively in accordance with PRISMA 2020.
Results: Electrochemical biosensors remained the most widely deployed platform because of affordability and portability, while optical, piezoelectric, field-effect transistor, microfluidic, and nanotechnology-enabled biosensors demonstrated important clinical applications. Wearable biosensors integrated with intelligent analytics and connected-device platforms supported continuous monitoring and predictive alerts. Graphene-based sensors, CRISPR-assisted diagnostics, and implantable biosensors showed strong potential for precision medicine.
Conclusion: Clinical translation remains limited by biofouling, manufacturing cost, regulatory complexity, cybersecurity, and inadequate implementation in resource-constrained settings. Future research should prioritize…
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Evidence Hub reads this as a systematic review. Its evidence level is 1 of 5 (Highest · pooled evidence). Pooled evidence from several studies sits at the top of the evidence pyramid.
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