Non-contact measurement of glucose in urine by smartphone-based laser refractometry for diabetes monitoring
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a global health issue affecting millions of people and requires regular glucose level monitoring. Current non-invasive methods, such as urinalysis (including colorimetry and biosensors), are primarily laboratory-based and lack user-friendliness, limiting their practicality for continuous glucose monitoring. Although promising, research on smartphone-integrated laser refractometry for glucose detection remains limited. To address this gap, a non-contact, smartphone-based laser refractometer for glucose monitoring was developed. This prototype measures the refractive index of urine by analyzing the refracted length of a laser line, which correlates with fasting blood glucose concentrations. The system uses a smartphone to capture high-resolution images of the laser line generated by total internal reflection through a rod and refraction through the urine sample. Assessments were conducted using controlled glucose concentrations, varying turbidity levels, different samples volume, and shelf-life conditions. Volumetric and shelf-life variations showed no significant impact on results, whereas turbidity assessments revealed a limitation of up to 57 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). Fasting glucose levels measured from using the developed system were compared with laboratory fasting blood glucose results, yielding a correlation coefficients of 0.89 and a sensitivity of 4.8 mg/dL. The system is low-cost, making it accessible and suitable for telemedicine…
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