Development of Tin Oxide Electrochemical Sensor for Sensitive Detection of Lactoferrin in Urinary Tract Infections
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein with diverse physiological roles and serves as a key biomarker for various diseases. Elevated urinary LF levels in patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) highlight its potential in non-invasive diagnostics. However, its large bio-macromolecular structure presents challenges for electrochemical detection. In this study, we report a simple and non-enzymatic approach for the label-free detection of LF using hydrothermally synthesized tin oxide (SnO2) coated on nickel foam (SnO2@NF). Structural and morphological characterization of the synthesized SnO2 was performed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, confirming a tetragonal phase (P42/mnm) with a flower-like architecture composed of nanorods approximately 344.7 nm in length and 123.0 nm in diameter. Electrochemical sensing was conducted in 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The SnO2@NF electrode exhibited a linear response over a lactoferrin concentration range of 10–100 nM, with a sensitivity of 32.2 μA/nM·cm². The limit of detection and limit of quantification were determined to be 50 pM and 151 pM, respectively. Further, CV results were supported by amperometric measurements, highlighting the excellent sensitivity, reproducibility, and reliability of the SnO2@NF electrode for repeated LF detection.
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