Association of serum vitamins and carotenoids with breast cancer status among adult women in NHANES 2017–2018: a cross-sectional study
Abstract
Background Breast cancer remains a major public health burden among women worldwide. Circulating vitamins and carotenoids may be related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and other biological processes relevant to breast cancer, but serum-based evidence remains inconsistent. The aim of this study is to examine the associations between serum vitamins and carotenoids and breast cancer status among women in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017–2018. Methods This cross-sectional study included women aged ≥20 years from NHANES 2017–2018. Breast cancer status was defined by self- or proxy-reported physician diagnosis in the Medical Conditions Questionnaire. Men, women aged <20 years, participants with other cancers or unknown cancer status, and those with excessive missing data on key covariates were excluded. A total of 2,521 women were included, comprising 91 with breast cancer and 2,430 without breast cancer. Serum vitamin C was measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection (UPLC-ECD), whereas retinol, tocopherols, and carotenoids were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA). The analytes included vitamin C, retinol, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, total lycopene, α-carotene, α-cryptoxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, and lutein and zeaxanthin. Baseline characteristics were described using standardized mean differences (SMDs), and associations were evaluated using Firth penalized…
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