Significant differences in volatile organic compounds and interleukin-12 (IL-12) serum levels between lung cancer patients and healthy controls: a cross-sectional study
Abstract
AIM
To explore differences in exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and serum interleukin-12 (IL-12) levels between lung cancer patients and healthy controls, and their potential relationship with tumour-related metabolic and systemic immune alterations.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted involving lung cancer patients and healthy controls. Exhaled breath samples were analysed using the µβreath sensor to quantify VOCs, including total volatile organic compounds (TVOC)(1), TVOC(2), acetone, formaldehyde, toluene, hexane, and methane. Serum IL-12 levels were measured via ELISA. Significant limitations such as age mismatch, unvalidated sensor data, and potential confounders (smoking, chemotherapy, diet, environmental VOCs) were acknowledged.
RESULTS
Lung cancer patients exhibited significantly higher TVOC(1) and TVOC(2) levels, and higher acetone levels, while formaldehyde, toluene, hexane, and methane levels were lower than in controls. Serum IL-12 levels were markedly lower in patients, reflecting systemic immune modulation rather than direct diagnostic specificity. ROC analysis indicated high sensitivity for certain VOCs, but specificity remained limited, suggesting that these markers were exploratory rather than definitive diagnostic tools. No significant correlation was observed between VOCs and IL-12 levels.
CONCLUSION
Differences in exhaled VOC profiles and serum IL-12 levels provide preliminary insight into tumour-related metabolic and immune alterations…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a cross-sectional, done in people. Its evidence level is 4 of 5 (Low · observational). Observational designs can show an association but not prove cause.
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