Next generation smart functionalized nanocomposites for ultrasensitive and real time detection of purine derived metabolic biomarkers
Abstract
The monitoring of metabolic biomarkers is currently undergoing a radical change from traditional centralized laboratory standards to decentralized point-of-care testing, particularly in the management of metabolic disorders, such as gout, and renal dysfunction. This review explores next-generation functionalized nanocomposites such as metal-organic frameworks, two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides (MXenes) and Single-Atom Nanozymes (SANs) which function as sensitive elements in sensing platforms for biomarkers detection and serve as robust, non-enzymatic mimics to address the stability challenges associated with natural enzymes. Hydrothermal and green co-precipitation methods are strategic routes to fabrication, with enhanced scalability and catalytic activity. Representative analytical benchmarks demonstrate the superior performance of these platforms for metabolic biomarkers detection achieving a picomolar limit of detection (LOD) of 102 pM for Ag-Fe2O3@PAn composites and an ultra-trace fluorescence LOD of 15 pM for tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP)-Zn0.1Co2O4 nanorods. In addition, a Nitrogen-coordinated Cobalt Single-Atom/Graphene-based Nanozyme (A-Co-NG) exhibits an extensively linear range of up to 41 950 µM with a 33 µM LOD. The review emphasizes novel biomimetic engineering approaches designed to address ongoing real-world issues, including biofouling and the interference caused by the overlapping signals from ascorbic…
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