Portable Sensing Systems in Biological and Chemical Analyses: A Review of Sensor Technologies, Miniaturized Platforms, Data Processing, and Field Applications
Abstract
Portable sensing systems are increasingly important in biological and chemical analyses because they can provide analytical information at the point of decision-making. While traditional laboratory methods remain crucial for reference measurements, regulatory validation, and high-precision quantification, portable systems emphasize rapid response, convenience, cost-effectiveness, robustness, and relevance to decision-making. This paper views portable sensing systems as integrated analytical platforms rather than isolated sensing elements. The paper discusses recognition elements, including enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acid probes, aptamers, molecularly imprinted polymers, nanomaterials, and hybrid recognition interfaces, as well as electrochemical, optical, mass-sensitive, thermal, field-effect, and hybrid sensing technologies. Furthermore, this paper reviews platform designs, including paper-based analytical devices, chip lab systems, smartphone-assisted sensors, wearable and flexible sensors, handheld instruments, and wireless sensor networks. It explores their applications in sample handling, calibration, data processing, and field deployment. Applications of this technology include point-of-care diagnostics, pathogen detection, wearable health monitoring, agriculture, veterinary medicine, environmental monitoring, food safety, industrial process control, forensic analysis, public safety, and occupational exposure assessment. The report focuses on sample acquisition,…
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