Ultrasensitive electrochemical (bio)sensors for therapeutic drug monitoring
Abstract
Ultrasensitive detection is important for the individualized management of medical therapy, playing a key role for the improvement of life expectancy and quality of life. Implementing personalized medicine represents a complex challenge since it requires the development of new, simple, versatile, and sustainable technologies which offer real-time, accurate and reliable outputs. With increasing chronic conditions and cancers, but also excessive use and abuse of medication, there is a strong need for continuous monitoring of therapeutic drugs to prevent toxicity levels in case of overdose, or inefficiency in case of underdose. However, to date, only a few easy-to-use monitoring systems are available for trace analysis of therapeutic drugs to help physicians and patients in therapeutic drug monitoring. Here, we critically evaluate recent advances highlighting the position of electrochemical (bio)sensors on the roadmap towards ultrasensitive detection for personalized therapy.
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