Electrochemical sensors for melamine and clenbuterol in food
Abstract
Food safety remains a critical global concern as escalating demand and intensified market competition continue to drive economically motivated adulteration (EMA). The unauthorized inclusion of substances such as melamine (MEL) and clenbuterol (CLB) poses a severe public health risk, necessitating the development of rapid, sensitive, and reliable analytical strategies. This review critically examines advancements in electrochemical sensors for MEL and CLB detection, with a primary focus on interfacial electrode design, sensing mechanisms, and analytical performance. For MEL, both direct and indirect electrochemical strategies are evaluated. Direct detection is predominantly facilitated through metal-MEL coordination, particularly with Cu2+, while morphology-controlled nanomaterials, such as hierarchical CuO nanostructures, significantly enhance sensitivity, achieving limits of detection (LODs) as low as 0.01 nM. Indirect approaches leveraging molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and quaternary nanocomposites demonstrate superior performance with LODs extending into the femtomolar range (9.6 × 10− 7 nM). In contrast, CLB detection relies on its inherent electroactivity through proton-coupled electrooxidation, with analytical performance largely governed by electrode design. Synergistic nanocomposites incorporating graphene-based materials, metal nanoparticles, and emerging two-dimensional (2D) materials such as black and violet phosphorene enable ultra-trace detection (LODs <…
Read the paper
Related studies
- Nano Biosensors: Properties, applications and electrochemical techniques
- Electrochemically Synthesized MIP Sensors: Applications in Healthcare Diagnostics
- Toward a Harmonization for Using in situ Nutrient Sensors in the Marine Environment
- Electrochemical determination of rutin by using NiFe2O4 nanoparticles-loaded reduced graphene oxide
- Application of Polyoxometalate-based composites for sensor systems: A review
- Sensitive Electrochemical and Thermal Detection of Human Noroviruses Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles Generated against a Viral Target
Go deeper in Evidence Hub
Evidence Hub adds a study data sheet (design, sample size, evidence level, key numbers), an AI summary and a chat grounded in the paper's text.