NanoMonitor: a miniature electronic biosensor for glycan biomarker detection
Abstract
AIM: The goal of our research is to develop an ultrasensitive diagnostic platform called 'NanoMonitor' to enable rapid label-free analysis of a highly promising class of biomarkers called glycans (oligosaccharide chains attached to proteins) with high sensitivity and selectivity. The glycosylation of fetuin - a serum protein - and extracts from a human pancreatic cancer line was analyzed to demonstrate the capabilities of the NanoMonitor.
MATERIAL & METHODS: The NanoMonitor device consists of a silicon chip with an array of gold electrodes forming multiple sensor sites and works on the principle of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Each sensor site is overlaid with a nanoporous alumina membrane that forms a high density of nanowells on top of each electrode. Lectins (proteins that bind to and recognize specific glycan structures) are conjugated to the surface of the electrode. When specific glycans from a test sample bind to lectins at the base of each nanowell, a perturbation of electrical double-layer occurs, which results in a change in the impedance. Using the lectins Sambucs nigra agglutinin (SNA) and Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA), subtle variations to the glycan chains of fetuin were investigated. Protein extracts from BXPC-3, a cultured human pancreatic cancer cell line were also analyzed for binding to SNA and MAA lectins. The performance of the NanoMonitor was compared to a conventional laboratory technique: lectin-based enzyme linked immunosorbent assay…
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